1. To these, he opposed a combination of functionalism, mutationism, and environmental determinism . 2. Writers in the medieval Middle East also produced theories of environmental determinism . 3. One of these approaches was environmental determinism , developed by geographer Friedrich Ratzel. 4. Theories opposed to hereditarianism include behaviorism, social determinism and environmental determinism . 5. The contemporary global warming crisis has also impacted environmental determinism scholarship. 6. Combinations and syntheses of determinist theses, such as bio-environmental determinism , are even more common. 7. Neo-environmental determinism scholars debate how much the physical environment shapes economic and political institutions. 8. Julian Steward's cultural ecology is considered a fusion of environmental determinism and Boas'historical approach. 9. Ibn Khaldun was also an adherent of environmental determinism . 10. But Boas worked more closely with Bastian, who was noted for his antipathy to environmental determinism .
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